What techniques can be performed with neutrons produced in research reactors?

In 1932, the physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron (a subatomic particle present in almost all atoms) and began research into its various applications.

Today, neutrons produced in research reactors are used in techniques for various purposes. These are:

Neutron scattering

This is an analytical technique for understanding the structure and behaviour of solids and condensed matter, as neutrons interact with the atoms of matter, their energy and other properties can change. These changes can be used to study the structure and dynamics of matter.

The properties of neutrons also make them particularly useful for studying hydrogen, objects large and small, and countless materials, including magnetic materials. These include understanding how bones are repaired, studying brain proteins, improving batteries, and creating magnets.

Materials analysis

Neutrons and X-rays are often combined, as they provide complementary information. Neutrons are sensitive to lighter elements, in particular hydrogen in water and biological material, while X-rays are more sensitive to heavier elements, such as iron in steel.

The combination of neutron and X-ray techniques allows for greater sensitivity to all components of a sample or object.

The use of neutrons for the development and study of materials contributes to scientific knowledge and the development of technologies in various fields, from electronics to medicine and construction materials for extreme conditions, such as equipment for working in space and nuclear power plants.

Non-destructive testing

These are techniques to characterize objects, for example, cultural heritage objects such as paintings and monuments, by distinguishing between different types of materials used in works of art, such as paint, and the elemental composition and texture of objects, such as rocks.

They are called "non-destructive" because they allow researchers to study objects without damaging them.

Neutron irradiation

It can be used to create new materials with properties of interest. For example, silicon is irradiated with neutrons to change its conductivity for use in high-power semiconductors.

Radioisotope production

Radioisotopes are unstable elements that regain stability after undergoing radioactive decay. During the decay process, various types of radiation are emitted, which can be used in medical or industrial applications.

One of the most common applications of radioisotopes is in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The most commonly used radioisotope in medicine is technetium-99m, which is derived from the radioisotope molybdenum-99 and is used for diagnostic imaging.